Berggren Sjögård, Linnea, 2026. The influence of envelope material on sedimentation and water quality in subsurface drainage. Second cycle, A2E. Uppsala: SLU, Dept. of Soil and Environment
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Abstract
A well-functioning drainage system is an essential component of crop production. With climate change bringing increased precipitation, higher demands are placed on our drainage systems. Throughout the past decades, little research has been conducted on drainage materials, and our most common drain envelope, gravel, has become expensive. However, new materials are now available. These new materials must be examined to improve the functionality of our drainage systems in agriculture. The overall aim has been to use measured data in a field trial to investigate how various drainage envelope materials in clay soils affect subsurface drainage, sediment accumulation, subsurface runoff, turbidity and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. Furthermore, it sought to provide insight into whether using an envelope can help to reduce sediment accumulation and nutrient leaching compared to drainage pipes without an envelope. The field trial, performed in central Sweden during the hydrological years 2023-2025, examined treatments with no envelope, synthetic envelope and crushed rock envelope. During an excavation, 40 cm of the pipe was dug up. In general, a small amount of sediment was found in all pipes. Most sediment was found in the treatment without an envelope (5.94 g per 40 cm pipe), while the synthetic envelope had the significantly lowest amount (0.89 g). Pipes with crushed rock envelopes had the largest number of particles in the size range of 0.06-0.2 mm (21.3%), which pose the highest risk of clogging the pipes. The results showed that the use of an envelope decreases the sediment accumulation (p = 0.0009) and the concentration of nitrogen (p < 0.02). In the first hydrological year, the average nitrogen concentration was reduced from 10.91 mg/l (no envelope) to 7.86 mg/l (synthetic envelope). The result for phosphorus concentrations was not significant. The findings showed no effect on turbidity when using an envelope. To verify these results, a follow-up study examining sedimentation in the pipes and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations after about a decade is recommended to determine if the long-term results of sediment accumulation and nutrient concentrations in the pipes are consistent. Further research should also explore whether nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations decrease with the use of an envelope on soils other than clay. The decrease of nutrient concentrations with an envelope is positive for the future climate with increases in precipitation. The use of an envelope could therefore be a strategy to reduce nitrogen leaching in drainage, but more research is needed to confirm these findings.
Keywords: envelope, filter, drainage, nutrient leakage, turbidity
A well-functioning drainage system is an essential component of crop production. With climate change bringing increased precipitation, higher demands are placed on our drainage systems. Throughout the past decades, little research has been conducted on drainage materials, and our most common drain envelope, gravel, has become expensive. However, new materials are now available. These new materials must be examined to improve the functionality of our drainage systems in agriculture. The overall aim has been to use measured data in a field trial to investigate how various drainage envelope materials in clay soils affect subsurface drainage, sediment accumulation, subsurface runoff, turbidity and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. Furthermore, it sought to provide insight into whether using an envelope can help to reduce sediment accumulation and nutrient leaching compared to drainage pipes without an envelope. The field trial, performed in central Sweden during the hydrological years 2023-2025, examined treatments with no envelope, synthetic envelope and crushed rock envelope. During an excavation, 40 cm of the pipe was dug up. In general, a small amount of sediment was found in all pipes. Most sediment was found in the treatment without an envelope (5.94 g per 40 cm pipe), while the synthetic envelope had the significantly lowest amount (0.89 g). Pipes with crushed rock envelopes had the largest number of particles in the size range of 0.06-0.2 mm (21.3%), which pose the highest risk of clogging the pipes. The results showed that the use of an envelope decreases the sediment accumulation (p = 0.0009) and the concentration of nitrogen (p < 0.02). In the first hydrological year, the average nitrogen concentration was reduced from 10.91 mg/l (no envelope) to 7.86 mg/l (synthetic envelope). The result for phosphorus concentrations was not significant. The findings showed no effect on turbidity when using an envelope. To verify these results, a follow-up study examining sedimentation in the pipes and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations after about a decade is recommended to determine if the long-term results of sediment accumulation and nutrient concentrations in the pipes are consistent. Further research should also explore whether nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations decrease with the use of an envelope on soils other than clay. The decrease of nutrient concentrations with an envelope is positive for the future climate with increases in precipitation. The use of an envelope could therefore be a strategy to reduce nitrogen leaching in drainage, but more research is needed to confirm these findings.
Med klimatförändringarna kommer nederbörden att öka och då är det viktigt att vi har väldränerade åkrar som så att vi kan producera mat. En väldränerad jord ger grödan optimala odlingsförhållanden och ökar skörden. Inom växtodlingen idag är det många lantbrukare som anlägger nya dräneringssystem på sina fält för att förbättra odlingsförhållandena och öka avkastningen. När en lantbrukare ska anlägga en dränering, behövs ett val göras om dräneringsfilter som ska läggas runt dräneringsröret. Det vanligaste materialet för dräneringsfilter är grus eller bergkross, men syntetiska material som lindas runt dräneringsröret blir allt vanligare. Dessa material utgör en stor del av anläggningskostnaden för dräneringen. Dräneringsfiltrets viktigaste uppgifter är att öka genomsläppligheten runt röret för att vatten lättare ska ledas in i röret samt hindra partiklar från den omgivande jorden att tränga in i röret och ansamlas där. Sedimentansamling i rören hindrar flödet och skapar ett större behov av underhåll av dräneringssystemet. Samtidigt riskerar växtnäring i form av kväve och fosfor att läcka ut via dräneringsvattnet till våra vattendrag och sjöar.
Ett fältförsök anlades 2023 i Mellansverige för att undersöka dräneringssystem på lerjord med tre olika dräneringsfilter: inget filter, syntetiskt filter samt bergkross som dräneringsfilter. Detta för att undersöka sedimentationen i rören och vattenkvaliteten i form av avrinning, grumlighet och näringsläckage av kväve och fosfor för att se om det blir någon skillnad beroende på vilket dräneringsfilter som används. I fältförsöket grävdes en bit av dräneringsrören upp för att kunna undersöka mängden sediment i rören. Provtagning av dräneringsvatten skedde kontinuerligt från försöket. Data som samlades in sammanställdes och statistiska analyser genomfördes för att se likheter och skillnader mellan olika dräneringsfilter.
Resultaten visade en låg förekomst av sediment i alla rör, men rören utan dräneringsfilter innehöll mest sediment. Valet att inte använda ett dräneringsfilter kan alltså öka mängden sediment i rören. En felkälla här är att jord kan ha kommit in i rören under hanteringen av rören, vilket kan ha bidragit till mer sediment i rören utan ett dräneringsfilter. Den låga förekomsten av sediment i alla rör visar på lång hållbarhet och minskat behov av underhåll av dräneringen på lerjord, särskilt vid användning av dräneringsfilter. När inget dräneringsfilter används ökar koncentrationen av kväve i dräneringsvattnet. Det gick inte att se en sådan minskning för fosfor. Med tanke på våra miljömål, där ett mål är att minska övergödning, kan valet av dräneringsfilter vara en strategi för att minska kväveläckaget och skydda miljön, men mer forskning behövs för att bekräfta dessa resultat.
| Main title: | The influence of envelope material on sedimentation and water quality in subsurface drainage |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Berggren Sjögård, Linnea |
| Supervisor: | Wesström, Ingrid and Edin, Eva and Falck, Susanne |
| Examiner: | Barron, Jennie |
| Series: | Examensarbeten / Institutionen för mark och miljö, SLU |
| Volume/Sequential designation: | 2026:02 |
| Year of Publication: | 2026 |
| Level and depth descriptor: | Second cycle, A2E |
| Student's programme affiliation: | NM035 Agriculture and Plant/Soil Sciences, 120.0hp |
| Supervising department: | (NL, NJ) > Dept. of Soil and Environment |
| Keywords: | envelope, filter, drainage, nutrient leakage, turbidity |
| URN:NBN: | urn:nbn:se:slu:epsilon-s-22049 |
| Permanent URL: | http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:slu:epsilon-s-22049 |
| Language: | English |
| Deposited On: | 28 Apr 2026 08:37 |
| Metadata Last Modified: | 29 Apr 2026 01:03 |
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