Epsilon Archive for Student Projects

Abstract

The grey wolf (Canis lupus) is a highly social apex predator with a historically vast distribution that has drastically declined due to human activity. In Sweden, the wolf population was eradicated by the mid-20th century but has since naturally re-established, with the current population estimated at around 375 individuals in 2024. However, this recovery faces serious challenges. The Swedish wolf population originates from only a few founding individuals, leading to high levels of inbreeding and reduced genetic diversity. This inbreeding has resulted in observable negative effects, such as inborn defects and lowered reproductive success. While occasional natural immigration from Finland and Russia has provided some genetic rescue. Geographic and political barriers, particularly the exclusion of wolves from reindeer herding areas, limit further gene flow to the wolf population. Public opinion on wolves in Sweden is polarized, influenced by factors such as livestock depredation, hunting conflicts, and cultural perceptions. Illegal poaching remains a significant obstacle to population growth and legal management strategies, such as hunting and population caps, continue to reflect social tensions rather than conservation needs. Despite evidence supporting the benefits of increased genetic diversity through managed immigration and larger population sizes, current policies appear to prioritize short-term political and economic interests over long-term ecological sustainability. This review emphasizes that without coordinated conservation actions, including cross-border cooperation and increased education efforts, the genetic health and viability of Sweden’s wolf population remain at risk.